The Watergate Scandal Of The United States - 1460 Words

Executive Privilege: Aaron Kelly Blackmon University of Houston Introduction _________________________________________________________________________________________________ In one of the most important moments in the history of the republic was the Watergate scandal that stretched the constitution to its very limits. It was a case that challenged the system of checks and balances of the branches of government. The president invoked what is referred to as executive privilege. Executive privilege as defined by Kinkopf is: The variety of privileges and immunities, grounded in the constitutional structure of the presidency, that allow the President to withhold information or refrain from participation in the†¦show more content†¦What is clear however is that presidents have tried to maintain the confidentiality of information and secrecy of documents since at least 1792 so this is nothing new. However it is not until recent relatively recently that the Supreme Court takes this subject head on. This paper will examine the way that this concept has been formed over time and particularly the manner in which battles the congressional and executive branches have been handled by judiciary through history of the United States. Early Basis for Executive Privilege _________________________________________________________________________________________________ The first place to start scrutiny is the constitution itself. The constitution does not specifically mention this notion. For those that propose a strict reading of the constitution this argument is often used but we can see that this sort of interpretation of the document is not really held up and is not in line with the way that the courts have treated reading it. There are numerous examples where law has been adopted that have established privileged information. Hardin writes in The Yale Law Review Evidentiary privileges well established at common law protected military and state secrets and the identity of government informers. Statutes have been enacted by Congress from time to time protecting various governmental communications and reports from public scrutiny. Additionally he goes on to

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee - 538 Words

Imagine a world without law, surrounded by anarchism and people who can do whatever they please. A world without law would result in a corrupt and unfair society, ruled by the authoritative elite. In the narrative, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, law is a major theme in society that controls the actions of the people and the destiny’s of the wrongdoers. A world without law is a world of chaos and calamity; therefore, laws are established to keep order and safety in the world that God created. Laws are created among society to maintain order, keeping the communities safe and controlled. In To Kill a Mockingbird, the trial of Tom Robinson is a textbook example of how law creates order among society. When Tom was accused of rape, he was taken to a court of law and prosecuted for the laws that he had broken. Atticus states, â€Å"There is one human institution that makes a pauper the equal of a Rockefeller†¦ that institution gentlemen, is a court.† pg 274 When Att icus says that he is expressing that legally all men are equal in the court of law, and men that are proven guilty are demanded to serve the punishment that has been given to them. This shows that law is the ultimate decider over the people, and that the people should respect the law because it upholds the regulations of the nation. Law establishes safety in society, keeping the citizens rights protected. In the town of Maycomb, law is keeping the people civil. Sheriff Heck Tate is the one who keeps the people safeShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that t hrough her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. 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Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was pov erty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. 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Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,Read MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1656 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Mockingbirds don’t do any harm but make music for us †¦ that’s why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird†, is a famous quote from the book To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Atticus, the father of the main character Scout, says this to her and her brother Jem when they receive rifles for Christmas. This book is considered a classic due to the allegory between the book title and the trial that occurs about halfway through the book. In the beginning of To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout is six. She is an innocent

Admission services †Admission Essay Free Essays

This paper aims to tell about an external influence (a person, an event, etc.) that affected me and how it caused me to change direction based on     Newton’s First Law of Motion which states that an object in motion tends to stay in motion in the same direction unless acted upon by an external force. America is said to be the land of opportunities and indeed it is true as I now find myself wanting to become a bigger person in my dreams and accomplishments compared when I was in Korea. We will write a custom essay sample on Admission services – Admission Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now My coming to America I believe, have really allowed me to see a bigger and different world which changed my direction in life. The land of opportunities must be therefore closely associated to the world of business and that is where I want to go. This is motivating me therefore to pursue a study in business. I would like to believe that the world of business is governed by rules and laws which one must understand if one wants to venture into it.   Having the economic issues such as recession and lowering of interest rates by the Federal Reserve of the United States are not easy to understand and could not be easily learned by experience. Although it is said that experience is the best teacher, I would like to believe that having a formal education when business has become more globalized is the better route to faster learning if one wants to succeed in business. Given the big and complicated world of business I am motivated to become one of its players or participants in the future to come. I am looking forward therefore into putting my own business as one of the great ends after perhaps spending good experience from employment. I believe that the undergraduate business program of the University of Southern California[1] would help me to attain my dream to become successful in the field of business considering its name and experience as a university. I believe that the success of America as an economic power lies also in the academic freedom enjoyed by the schools and universities     in bestowing the best kind of education to its students. If my coming to America has indeed caused me to change direction based on  Ã‚   Newton’s First Law of Motion, I believe that enrolling in one of its famous universities must be a great step to benefit from that change that would allow me to be what I want. I have the highest hope of nurturing my dreams in America and I believe I am adaptable to the change.   At a certain sense I believe I am one of the fortunate foreigners who would be able to make it here in America. The fact that I see the opportunities must be a strong indication of my leading to my long-term success. I therefore agree with Charles Darwin when he said that survival will belong not to the strongest and not even to the most intellectual but to those who would be most able to adapt to change. Reference: University of Southern California (2007), Undergraduate Degree Program, {www document} URL,  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.usc.edu/dept/publications/cat2007/undergraduate/degree_programs_list.html, Accessed January 23, 2008 [1] University of Southern California (2007), Undergraduate Degree Program, {www document} URL,  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.usc.edu/dept/publications/cat2007/undergraduate/degree_programs_list.html, Accessed January 23, 2008 How to cite Admission services – Admission Essay, Essays Admission Services – Admission Essay Free Essays Everybody in life faces some challenges and difficulties which become a learning experience for them for future situations. We, humans, learn through our mistakes and the experiences that we go through. I have had such an experience at a very young age and it has enabled me to be around people with different cultural backgrounds and who share different views. We will write a custom essay sample on Admission Services – Admission Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now When I was about ten years old, I had gone to America. Without any knowledge of what I would get to see and no hold on English I was afraid of how I will meet people and be able to communicate. I thought that since I’m different I will be treated differently and not accepted so easily. When a people do not know what is in store for them, they have an unreasonable or innate fear of being rejected or feel that they might not be socially accepted. I felt the same way when I went to America. however I decided that I will not let the barrier of language and knowledge about the country make my time here difficult, I decided to learn the language, meet people, ask them anything I didn’t know or couldn’t understand. When I started being open and accepting towards the people, I realized that o got the same response. I was welcomed and embraced with love and respect. If I ever go anywhere to study now, I will be able to make friends more easily and be more social and outgoing. This will in return help me be more knowledgeable and free to be myself. When I had not gone to America, I had a fear of being socially unaccepted, but that experience had made me a more confident person and I’m no more shy and hesitant in my nature. This confidence boost was what I needed in life and this experience will surely help me when I go for further studies and external or foreign education programs. How to cite Admission Services – Admission Essay, Essays

The Biography of a Successful Manager Essay Sample free essay sample

Fazle Hasan Abed was born in 1936 in Hobigonj. His male parent used to work as theDistrict Sub-registrar in Hobigonj. In his childhood when he was analyzing inHobigonj Government High School. his male parent got palsy. At that point of clip hewas sent to his uncle who was the territory justice in Comilla. He got admitted inComilla Jilla School. After two old ages. his uncle was transferred to Pabna. Abedmoved with his uncle to Pabna and got himself admitted in Pabna Jilla School. Hepassed his matriculation from that school in 1952. After that he went to Dhaka andin 1954 he passed his intermediate scrutiny from the celebrated Dhaka College. Then he got admitted to University of Dhaka for the Bachelor Degree in Physics. Hedid non finish his grade in this university instead he went to his uncle who wasworking in England. There he once more got admitted in Glasgow University to studyNaval Architecture. He had a dream at that clip that he will be the first navalarchitect in his state. But after sing several shipyards in Glasgow. he couldunderstand that he shall non be able to use his cognition of naval architecture inhis place state. So. after analyzing this topic for two old ages. he left the universityand went to London. There he completed professional accounting class. During hisstudy of professional accounting. his female parent died. As a consequence. he lost involvement of coming back to the place state. So he stayed in London and worked at that place. Afterthat he went to Canada for another service. Then he went to New York and workedthere. After that he went to several states with his occupations. In 1968. he came back to his place state and started working as the Head of Finance in Shell Oil Company. In 1971. when the release war started. he left the occupation and joined the war. Afternine months. Bangladesh got independency. At that clip Abed started BRAC. The war dramatically changed the way of his life. In the face of the ferociousness andagony of war. the amenitiess and fringe benefits of a Corporate Executive’s life ceased to haveany attractive force for him. As the so East Pakistan was under practical business. FazleHasan Abed left his occupation and went to London to give himself to Bangladesh’s War of Independence. There. Abed helped originate a run called Help Bangladesh toorganize financess for the war attempt and raise consciousness in the universe about the genocidein Bangladesh. The war over. Abed returned to the freshly independent Bangladesh tofind the economic system of his state in ruins. Millions of refugees. who had sought shelterin India during the war. started trekking back into the state. Their alleviation andrehabilitation called for pressing attempts. Abed decided to originate his ain. by puting upBRAC to rehabilitate returning refugees in a distant country in a northeasterly territory of Bangladesh. This work led him and his organisation BRAC into covering with thelong-term undertaking of bettering the life conditions of the rural hapless. Within three decennaries BRAC became the largest Non-Governmental DevelopmentOrganization ( NGO ) in the universe in footings of the graduated table and diverseness of itsinterventions. Abed ensured that the service of BRAC should travel to the landlesspoor. particularly the adult females populating in rural Bangladesh. As a big per centum of these adult females live below the poorness line. they did non hold a ny entree to about anykind of resources. The fact that Abed has turned his big organisation. with an one-year budget of US $ 436 million. 78 % self-financing. speaks of his fiscal acumen and superbmanagement accomplishments. For his immense part to the society. Mr. Abed was honored with so manynational and international awards. Some of the outstanding awards of him include: The Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership ( 1980 ) . Unesco NomaPrize for Literacy ( 1985 ) . Alan Shawn Feinstein World Hunger Award ( 1990 ) . Unicef’s Maurice Pate Award ( 1992 ) . Honorary Doctorate of Education. Universityof Manchester. UK ( 2003 ) and some others. Why Fazle Hasan Abed Is a Succesful Director Mr. Abed’sfather used to be a authorities employee. So he was notfrom a business-familybackground. It may be inferred from the fact that as he had this demand ( for accomplishment ) and didnot have adequate makings to travel for a extremely paid occupation. he moved towards self-employment and got success. But was extremely educated and studied in some of the besteducational establishments both inside and outside the place state. All those qualities what defines a successful director. were presented in Fazle Hasan Abed. He is a professional comptroller. So it can be said that Abed had these features in him. particularly he was self-assured. hereafter oriented. good leaders. hazard taker and advanced. But doubtless. Mr. Abed started hisorganization BRAC in a war-destroyed lame economic system. Without being self-assured. enterprises like these can non be taken by anybody. There is no uncertainty that he was extremely future oriented. He wanted to execute a mission with a vision to work out societal jobs. He had socialmission and their activities had positive societal impacts. Fazle Hasan Abed’s BRAC has become the largest Nongovernmental organization in the universe. He was awarded by some of the best governments in the universe. He hadgood leadershipcapability. He was a airy leader and his efficient direction manners are decidedly applaudable. Mortoza ( 2006 ) in his book on BRAC has expressed himself as follows: In order to work for this book I have visited BRAC office so many times in the last two or threeyears. I have visited several territory offices of BRAC besides. I found BRAC’s direction verytransparent and efficient. It can non be compared with the authorities offices at all. Among theprivate organisations besides. merely a really few can work every bit expeditiously as BRAC. Fazle Hasan Abedputs high accent on the transparence and efficiency of direction. This is the chief reasonwhy BRAC could set up itself as the biggest Nongovernmental organization in the universe. He was hazard taker. He started his societal entrepreneurship venture in acountry which had a moth-eaten war-destroyed economic system. As they had a societal missionand passion for their work. they went for set uping the organisations. Innovationcan be treated as the cardinal entrepreneurial trait for him. which made him alone and successful as a director. DecisionFazle Hasan Abed is difficult worker. chance searcher. pioneer. good organiser. hereafter oriented and hazard takers. and all of these qualities are must to be a successful director. Mention The assignment was prepared with the aid of a biographical book About Mr. Fazle Hasan Abed ( Mortoza. 2006 ) and theofficial web site of BRAC ( World Wide Web. brac. cyberspace ) .

Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles Essay Example

Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles Paper Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles is one of the key persons who are responsible to the founding of modern Singapore. He played an important role in forming a British Settlement, Singapore, in the Melaka straits despite facing rejections, such as Dutch or even resistance in London itself. He is a controversial person even in his time. Hence there is no doubt that there are lots of information about him and founding of Singapore in the internet. However, how do we assess these websites for its appropriateness towards scholarly research is the main objective of this essay. According to The Sheridan Libraries an appropriate source for scholarly research would have information such as â€Å"authorship, publishing body, point of view, referral to other sources, verifiability and currency† . In the case of internets sources, at least we could have an idea who is the author and a way to contact, such as telephone or email, to clarify the information provided in the internet or even arranged an interview. The first source regarding Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles and the founding of Singapore which I’m going to examine is taken from Wikipedia. Let just put aside for a moment the authorship and verifiability of the passage, and for a moment assume it is what it is. Wikipedia provides a very detailed explanation of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. The information in Wikipedia is like a series of events that arranged chronologically. This is by far a more interesting and captivating way for the readers. Nonetheless, the events and points that provided by Wikipedia are also very broad. The general impression that I gained, from Wikipedia, that summarize who Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles was, was a hardworking, wise, fair, rational and both lucky and unfortunate person. We will write a custom essay sample on Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When I read the passage, I generally felt that all he had done were good things. He was a very hardworking child, despite the early death of his father. He was lucky enough to be hired by East India Company and had the opportunity to expose himself to South East Asia, and based on his talent, picked up the native language, Malay, and good enough to impress the Governor to promote him as a Resident of Java at the age of 30. He abolished slave system, led an expedition to restore Borobudur, replaced Dutch forced agriculture system with land tenure, founded a more administrative Singapore and throughout the end, I elt sorry with his early death and his lost of family members. All the events are centralizing in the goodness of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. However, aren’t these very subjective opinions from a historical point of view? In the passage, it mentioned â€Å"considered Farquhar unfit for the position of Resident, so Raffles took direct control with a heavy hand. † The Wikipedia source didn’t really stated why William Farquhar was unfit for the position. Did he done something wrong that suffer the indigenous people? Did he make a lost in financial during his tenure? We may get some answer for these questions from how well the author think Singapore did as soon as the take over from British until the return of Raffles at year 1822 base on the paragraph â€Å"†¦as Singapore grew at an exponential rate, the Dutch gave up their claim on the island†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This in certain account created ambivalence from the author, and let just assume what both lines are true. Maybe the author is trying to tone down the confrontation between Farquhar and Raffles. By providing a reason for the discord, which reasonably present with a glim, it seems what Raffles did is reasonable. Besides that, under the â€Å"Founding of Singapore† session in the Wikipedia source, Farquhar was only credited for securing of British possession in the Riao’s area. This is by far had neglected his role in the founding of Singapore. The second source that I am going to examine is a website from USP, NUS. Once again, put aside verifiability and authorship. Let examine the passage’s point of view towards Raffles and the founding of Singapore. The passage gave a more general view of Raffles. At least at the first glance of the passage, I won’t have a feeling that he is almighty. Just take an example, â€Å"†¦Raffles became a subject of controversy and a target of attack, from British as well as Dutch adversaries. To some, Raffles was an admired reformer, who wanted to abolish the slave trade, and ameliorate the lot of the people. To others, he was simply a young and ambitious schemer. † This paragraph gives me a feeling that he is a controversial figure even during his time. The word â€Å"ambitious schemer† also reflects that he may not be as pure as a saint. All these that I have mentioned, didn’t come to me when I was reading the source from Wikipedia. With these, in certain account, there is a different in objectivity of the author of these two sources. Besides that, â€Å"it was Farquhar who worked alongside the Malay rulers for four years to secure the survival and growth of the British settlement on Singapore Island†¦Ã¢â‚¬  gives a general account on what Farquhar had contributed to the development of Singapore. This just gives me an impression of what Singapore was at that time, and it was definitely not the sole contribution and hard work of Raffles. The source did mention an outline of the life of Raffles. The author did give a high regards on Raffles effort to abolish slavery. This can be showed â€Å"He held strongly to moral principles on the dignity and equality of human beings † . Besides that, the source also mentions two important names in the founding of Singapore, William Farquhar and Dr John Crawfurd, and credited them as â€Å"The Founders of Colonial Singapore† . This source gives an alternative view of who were possible founders, or who had at least contributed to the radical founding of early Singapore. With these additional information provided, Raffles is not the only one credited with the establishment of early Singapore and thus gives a more objective view of early history of Singapore under British possession. The third source I’m going to examine is from suit101 . This passage gives a general overview of Raffles and his involvement in Singapore. This source is a summary of his early life, his career, and also how it links to the founding of Singapore. Compare to the first two sources, this source is comparatively less detailed information. For example, â€Å"Following the hallowed English tradition of divide and conquer, Raffles and his successors †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The source didn’t mention about who are the other successor. Is it Farquhar? Is it John Crawfurd? Or is it somebody else? This source gives a very subjective view towards Raffles, â€Å"Raffles continued to enjoy a long and celebrated career in imperial administration. † How does the author know the feelings of Raffles despite so many obstacles in his tenure as stated in the first and second source? Before I choose one of these sources to be an appropriate source for scholarly historical research, let me examine the authorship of these three sources. The source from Wikipedia, apparently is edited by not a few but a lot of authors. Just a brief view in the â€Å"history† link in the wikipedia webpage toolbar, there is approximate 500 entries of editorial in the Stamford Raffles site and still counting. In some account, base on the large amount of authors, contradictory may occur and there maybe a more objective viewpoint regarding the topic, â€Å"†¦emergence of resonance will only come after experiencing some dissonance. However, this is not an appropriate source for scholarly historical research mainly because of its multi-authorship and anonymous authorship. How can we verify the source when there are anonymous authors? Meanwhile, the second source from USP weblink, was the work of an associate professor in the History Department of NUS. The author is highly qual ified and contactable. Finally, the last source, it was also from a single author, John Walsh from Mahidol University International College. In terms of verifiability, the second and third source provides a direct contact name and title to verify the content or for further research. However for the first source, Wikipedia, if the readers have any doubt of the source, they have little chance to clarify with the author. There is no direct contact number and there is little chance of knowing the name, beside username of the author or even anonymous authorship. However as an ordinary user, we can raise the mistakes in the content to the webmaster, rise in discussion or edit the page. Finally, regarding citation, both sources from Wikipedia and John Walsh didn’t provide any; presumably every word is directly from the author. Source from the USP and Wikipedia, did provide references. In certain extend, this provides the readers a way for further research of the topic. This helps the reader to verify the points and facts in the source too. In Wikipedia, the â€Å"general look† is more appealing, with pictures of Stamford Raffles and well credit where the picture’s origin. The more user appealing part of Wikipedia is its usage of Wiki software to develop its webpage, and this may be a good start for newbies and for background reading â€Å"†¦wikis should not take authoritative, but can relied upon for ‘background reading’. After assessing the qualities of these websites, source from the USP website regarding Stamford Raffles and founding of Singapore is an appropriate source for scholarly historical research. This is due to its authorship; it provides a name and a title from the author, and it ensures verifiability. The publishing body, which is the NUS website, is a well ma intained and contactable publishing body. The details provided in the source are sufficient for a person to understand Stamford Raffles and the founding of Singapore reasonably well. It also provides other possible founders or contributors to the founding of Singapore. As a conclusion, it has all the attributes of an appropriate source for scholarly historical research. Bibliography Elizabeth E. Kirk, â€Å"Evaluating Information Found on the Internet†, Sheridan Libraries (1996), 8 February 2008, http://www. library. jhu. edu/researchhelp/general/evaluating/ â€Å"Stamford Raffles†, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (10 Aug. 2004), 17 February 2008, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Stamford_Raffles Ernest C. T. Chew. The Founders of Colonial Singapore†, USP (12 October 2002), 17 February 2008, http://www. usp. nus. edu. sg/post/singapore/history/chew/founders. html John Walsh, â€Å"Raffles: Sir Stamford Raffles and the Founding of Singapore. † Suit101 (9 Jan 2004). 8 February 2008, http://www. suite101. com/article. cfm/east_asian_history/105792/1 Alvin Tan Peng Hong, â€Å"Allowing Dissonance†, The H istory Journal (1998), p. 14 Leslie Goh, â€Å"Share your knowledge or ignorance†, Straits Times (17 October 2006), 7 March 2007, http://news. independent. co. uk/world/americas/article2331980. ece Stephen Foley, â€Å"Wikipedia Hits An Identity Crisis As Student Admits Posing As Professor†, 2007 Independent News And Media Limited (7 March 2007) Noam Cohen, â€Å"A History Department Bans Citing Wikipedia As Research Source†, The New York Times (21 February 2007), 2 March 2007, http://www. nytimes. com/2007/02/21/ education/21wikipedia Marshall Poe, â€Å"The Hive†, The Atlantic Monthly (September 2006), 6 January 2007, http://www. theatlantic. com/doc/print/200609/wikipedia Stacy Schiff, â€Å"Can Wikipedia Conquer Experts†, The New Yorker (24 July 2006), 31 July 2006, http://www. newyorker. com/printables/fact/060731fa_fact

Normalcy and woodrow wilson essays

Normalcy and woodrow wilson essays The idealism of Woodrow Wilsons politics and the strain of World War 1 had the nation wishing for less turbulent, more normal times. While running for President in 1920, Warren G. Harding played on these desires and came up the idea of a return to normalcy. Harding said, Americas present need is not heroics but healing, not nostrums but normalcy; not revolution but restoration. (Faragher p. 669) The idea of a less complicated life, without war, union strikes, factories and feminism, was so appealing to the nation that Harding won the election by the largest margin in history to that date even though he did not actively campaign for President. The three Republican presidents of the 1920's, Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover, shared the conservative philosophy that less federal government was good for the country and that a close business- federal government relationship was good for the economy. They believed that knowledgeable businesses, encouraged by the government would act in the public interest. (Faragher p 690) The domestic policy of normalcy towards business was to leave business alone and not interfere with additional regulations. This philosophy was hard on organized labor. Union membership declined during the 1920's. During World War I, the government in an effort to provide for the war had supported unions, now during normalcy it, along with the Supreme Court, were unsympathetic toward the unions. Companies had free rein to limit union membership. This was accomplished in several ways: by calling for an open shop, where even if a worker did not belong to the union he/she would still receive the benefits of the union. This effectively discouraged new workers from joining the union. Employers also tried to gain employee loyalty and discourage union membership by offering the employees stock-options, in ...

How to start a new business venture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

How to start a new business venture - Essay Example The entrepreneurs have to take multiple troubles for making their new business into a profitable venture. The success of a new venture mainly depends on the entrepreneurs’ skills and success of the new products. According to the Councils to America’s Small Business, Score, during 2008, â€Å"there were  627,200 new businesses,  595,600 business closures and 43,546 bankruptcies† (Score, 2010). Therefore, the risks involvements in a new business are very high due its vulnerability in the new market. However, in order to combat with such issues, entrepreneurs must consider a number of tasks before starting a new venture. Effective planning for plausible set of market strategy is one of the most crucial tasks for an entrepreneurs and for this a comprehensive marketing analysis and research is mandatory task (Longenecker et al, 2005, p. 147). This paper will attempt to present marketing mix strategies for a new venture based on the situational analysis in respect of proposed business plans. 2. Background of Scenario This business report deals with the formulation of marketing mix strategy for a new venture of private medical clinic in Birmingham. The private medical clinics offer wide ranges of health care services by taking care of the out patients. As this business associated with the people heath services, it is very necessary to offer a high quality of services to its patient. Besides the high quality services, marketing strategies are very important to promote the brand name in the health care market of Birmingham. Birmingham is a popular city of West Midlands county in England. This primary objective of this paper is to offer a set of plausible marketing mix strategies to the new private clinic supposed to be started in the Birmingham city. In this process, the health care market of Birmingham city as well as the entire UK needs to be assessed for identification of the target market. 3. Situational Analysis 3.1. Marco-environmental Fac tors Any industry and its players are supposed to be influenced by the multiple macro-economic factors which are uncontrollable external forces. Assessment of macro-economic forces is very necessary to evaluate the viability of new business. In this regard, PEST models are very useful which analyse the political, economic, socio-cultural and technological impact on a certain business (Allen, 2008, p.114). These factors are analysed below in respect of the new venture for private medical clinic. 3.1.1. Political The stable political system of UK is a major strength for the growth of a business. The chief of the state is the Queen and head of the government is the Prime Minister and it is responsible for regulating the business and health care related issues. The department of Health, UK is the apex body in regulating the heath care sectors of UK who develops proper legal frameworks (Department of Health, 2011). Besides, the Birmingham City Council is also responsible to regulate the Birmingham city’s affair. 3.1.2. Economic Stable economic condition of UK is also major requirements of the success

Factors Affecting Trade of Sugar Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Factors Affecting Trade of Sugar - Assignment Example 70% of this production is for domestic consumption while 30% is traded in the world. Since only a small portion of the production is being traded freely, it is subjected to government policies and production so that any change affects the trading practices of the commodity. These are trade barriers such as quota and bilateral agreements that limits trading opportunities of least developed countries. As 120 countries partake of sugar allocations imposed by importing countries, it is important to understand if trade barriers create equal opportunity. Sugar producers believe that by removing these restrictions and opening of markets, supply is ensured, rational pricing will be maintained, and smaller countries can have an equal share of sugar quota ( GATRL, 2009). The top sugar producing countries in the world are Australia, Brazil, China, Columbia, European Union, India, Mexico, Pakistan, Thailand, and United States. World production as of 2010/2012 estimates is 168,647 metric tons raw value. BraziL has the biggest share of production followed by India and next by China. The rest is accounted for by Asian production (SUCDEN). With a global population of 7 billion, sugar consumption is estimated at 171.4 million tons and a per capita consumption of 21.kg. Per capita sugar consumption is highest in Brazil, Australia, and Cuba. ... 1, and has not changed ever since (Sugarcane.org) Tariff quotas and bilateral agreements limit the free trade of small producing country with the US while farmers support policy is addressed to maintain the domestic farmers. Quota system controls the volume of sugar imports by limiting amount of sugar that enters US on a zero rate tariff rate. The amount set for import must meet the US World Trade organization requirement which is 1,117,195 tons of raw sugar and 22,000 tons of refined sugar. Any over quota export under the system is not advisable since US imposes a higher tariff rate. (Edwards, Chris, 2009). Bilateral arrangement disenfranchises smaller producing countries as they are out on agreements. For instance, the North American Free Trade Agreement with Mexico gives it a distinct advantage over other countries since US provided them with tariff free and attractive provisions including a guaranteed quota that increases yearly.(Office of The United States Trade Representative, n.d.) For fair treatment, the recent talks of world organizations such as the Uruguay rounds, AEFA, and APEC are all aimed toward trade liberalization. (Economic & Research Services, USDA, 1997) Simulations and five scenarios have been expounded to know effects. The Uruguay Rounds will expand global trade and social welfare of countries and regions, except China. AEFA trade liberalization would increase social welfare of ASEAN in limited way. All APEC members tend to gain in the liberalization since high import protection is eliminated. (See FAO Explanation (Annex 1) Koo, Woo ‘s scenario of trade liberalization of both US and EU, and retaining of sugar subsidies will allow most sugar producing countries to survive. However, if only the U.S. eliminates the program, Koo said all U.S. sugar

The use of polygraph testing as evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The use of polygraph testing as evidence - Essay Example Under these two conflicting issues, the question still remains, is the use of polygraph testing a sufficient evidence to pin down a suspicious character? Does it really work? This study will attempt to investigate various criticisms, researches and feedback to bring to light the importance of the polygraph testing machine. A polygraph means â€Å"many writings† of the physiological activities at the same time, a method done by its inventor, William Marston, in 1917. His claimed that he â€Å"could reveal verbal deception by observing systolic blood pressure†.(EPIC, 2003) This claim was ruled out by the D.C. Court of Appeals stating that there was not enough scientific evidence to support the lie detector machine of Marston. A century later, another inventor came up with a new version of the lie detector machine. Leonard Keeler who invented a new version set up a school to train examiners, and eventually his version of polygraph machine was used in the legal investigations. A Polygraph machine is described as â€Å"a machine that records the body to an examiner’s question in order to ascertain deceptive behavior. The test measures physiological data from three or more systems of the human body- generally, the respiratory, cardiovascular, and sweat gland systems-but not the voice.† (EPIC, 2003). A separate testing is used for the voice. Polygraph system is generally used for investigations of private businesses, juridical and for law enforcements. Certain restrictions were however imposed for polygraph testing for employee protection, under the Employee Protection Act of 1988 (EPPA). Under the EPPA, a pre-employment polygraph test is not required, and an employer cannot be dismissed for refusal to take a polygraph exam. Under this rule also, certain criteria must first be met if ever an employer requests for a lie detector test for an employee. Several states have adopted this system, but safeguards and variations were

Constructions of Nationalism and Race

Constructions of Nationalism and Race Making Others/Making Us: Constructions of Nationalism and Race The essay presents a critique of various articles based on concepts of space and identity. The different articles analyzed discuss how individuals from different races interact in a given space as well as geographical location. The article Latino immigrants and the regeneration of place and belonging in small town America by Lise Nelson and Nancy Hiemstra offer a comparison of the politics of place and belonging within two communities namely Woodburn (Oregon) and Leadville in Colorado. As explained in the article, the two communities have experienced a considerable rise in the number of Latino immigrants in the last two decades; hence the members of the society face the issue of belonging. The article authors present detailed explanation regarding the demographic information of the members of the two communities, as well as the impacts of the immigration on place identity and social belonging. The article is informative since it brings out a significant negative impact on the increased number of immigrants. As explained by the authors, the individuals who currently immigrate to America hold different perspectives as compared to their counterparts who settled in the country a century ago. The new and post-modern immigrants are barely interested in assimilating into the American culture since they have adopted a rather parasitic approach to the US. Therefore, the issue of belonging and place identity sets in since the current immigrants only want to attach themselves to their American host and later feed off it, and at the same time, maintain their native cultures and identity. However, the authors fail to appreciate the positive impacts of immigrants in the United States. According to the authors, the immigrants only benefit from the communities, in which they finally settle, hence referring to the individuals as parasites. The authors have ignored the numerous benefits bro ught about by the immigrants. Such benefits include the availability of new skills and expertise in US companies, the rich culture which ultimately leads to acculturation, as well as work efficiency particularly due to the presence of millions of undocumented workers in the country. Nonetheless, the authors further ventures into assessing the concept of immigrant incorporation which has been debated on multiple instances of assimilation, transnationalism, and multiculturalism. The issues about immigrants have been well reviewed using concepts of place and belonging. Even though individuals moving to new places adapt to the new culture, it is quite difficult to shed previous identities and cultural or political affiliations. In that light, the authors appreciate the fact that immigrants are expected to maintain active social networks as well as conduct essential life activities across national boundaries, form trans-local spaces of community, political action and affiliation. The article further ventures into appreciating the concept of space and identity in regard to the immigrants to the two communities in the US. The authors describe the concepts of place and identity pertaining to the socially recognized membership of immigrants. The literature in the article is considerably adequate in elaborating the concept of belonging, as the authors describe belonging as the desire for some attachment, either of other places, people, ways in which people and groups are involved in attempting to long or wanting to become. Furthermore, the authors have provided an excellent description of the concept of place and the community. As explained in the article, structures of class, race, as well as illegality in migration shape whether the immigrants are viewed (or view themselves) as full members of a given community or geographical place. The authors have concluded that there are shortcomings in treating immigrants as an undifferentiated mass, particularly in homogeneous circumstances. In that light, the analysis of the immigrants into the two communities in the US is pertinent to identifying the underlying principles of the concept of place and identity. As elaborated by the authors, the Mexican immigrants who settled in Woodburn and Leadville positioned themselves as per the hierarchies of class, race, and illegality. Therefore, it would be quite difficult to attain nationalism in those two communities since the immigrants still had strong ties with their original cultures despite being assimilated into the American culture. A similar concept of the legality of migration has been discussed in McClintocks article on Nationalism, Gender, and Race. As explained by McClintock, all nationalisms are gendered, and in most instances, it is dangerous since it represents relations to political power as well as various constructs of violence. The article provides a detailed explanation of the negative impacts of nationalism as it attempts to demean immigrants and their original way of life. As the article states, nationalism invents nations where they do not exist and also tries to construct most modern countries regardless of their appeal to an honored and immemorial past, but the nations are all of the recent invention. McClintock further notes that nationalism ends up being constitutive of individuals identities through social competitions that are usually violent as well as gendered. The article has successfully assessed the concept of gender difference in terms of provision of access to resources and rights in the country.   According to McClintock, no nation has ever been bold enough to offer women and men the same access to national resources or even granted equal rights to the two genders. The article by McClintock provides an exclusive description of the concept of nationalism as he equates gender with power in any nation. According to the author, gender differences between men and women are symbolic to the limits of differences in a country as well as the governmental power among men. Women are typically viewed as the symbolic bearers of the country whereas men as regarded as the policy makers as well as rulers. In that light, nationalism is a gendered discourse that would be challenging to understand without consideration of a theory of gender power. There is an excellent examination of the different entities that tend to differ with the gendering of countries. On the other hand, white feminists have been greatly involved in the identification of the downside of the concept of nationalism. However, the feminists have been considerably slow in recognizing that nationalism is more of a feminine issue. The third article that focuses on constructions of nationalism and race is The Most German of Towns: Creating an Ideal Nazi Community in Rothenburg ob der Tauber by Joshua Hagen. The article explores the means through which Rothenburg was manipulated to further the ideologies the Nazi believed to be the major features of German and its history. According to the article, it was during the Nazi period that the Rothenburg town (which was a symbol of Germanys culture) acted to illustrate as well as model the Nazis ideas of the landscape and also how to run the country. The article offers a rich introduction that lays the foundation of the paper by explaining that such activities as tourism, anti-Semintism as well as historical preservation went through changes and also acted as key issues to further the policies of the Nazi rule. The article provides detailed insights into the issue of imagined communities in attempts to explain the impacts of the Nazi rule in the nation, particularly in Rothenburg Town. Through the examination of the concept of the imagined communities, the article has adequately provided a key to understanding how the issues of culture, identity, and relations in the society have been expressed in terms of historic places and landscapes. The author further details the perfect picture of a nation through the exploration of geographical space that is romanticized and involving a historical landscape. Through the explanation about the concepts of space and place as provided by the author, the article makes it evident that nationalizing certain historical landscapes and places are of great significance as it represents the idea of the country as well as its part. Besides, the process of nationalizing such entities becomes essential in limiting, contesting, as well as shaping the contexts through which the communities in the countries are imagined. Therefore, the Nazi capitalized on landscaping and space in efforts to frame their envisioned national community. Another article addressing a similar concept of the imagined communities is Imagined Communities Selections by Anderson. As Anderson puts it, nationality (nation-ness and nationalism) are cultural artifacts regarded to be of a particular kind. The article by Anderson presents an excellent account of the origin of the concept of nationality, a concept that is related to the idea of imagined communities. With the description of the ways through which nationality as a concept has come into being, as well as why nationalism currently commands great emotional legitimacy, the author fully paints the picture of the imagined communities. The article can also be described as informative as it provides a detailed explanation of the reasons as to why the cultural artifacts continue to arouse such deep emotions and attachments, particularly in the construction of modern societies. Anderson further proposes a way to discern between communities upon consideration of nationalism. According to Ander son, nationalism masquerades under false pretenses and therefore, there is the need to assimilate the term invention to falsity and fabrication instead of referring to it as creation or imagining. In that light, true communities exist, and they can be advantageously positioned to nations. However, despite the full description of the concepts of nationalism and imagined communities, the article does not warrant a sure way or style to imagine communities. As opposed to Joshua Hagens article that accounts how the Nazi fully designed Rothenburg Town to become a modern town, Anderson fails to give a detailed description of how individuals can imagine the new and modern communities. As Anderson claims, communities are to be discerned by the style in which they are imagined rather than by their genuineness or falsity. The major shortcoming to Andersons belief is that different societies may hold different styles or ideas of their imagined communities.

Interaction of Human Culture and the Environment :: Environment Environmental Pollution Preservation

Interaction of Human Culture and the Environment In the mid 1970's and early 1980's, the field of clinical psychology underwent a revolution with the emergence of family therapy. Therapists initially understood disorders as being the result of a linear chain of causality. For instance, one theory of schizophrenia held that the disorder resulted from exposure to a certain pattern of behavior on the part of the patient's mother. Mothers of schizophrenics were often found to be particularly cold, unresponsive, dominant, and conflict-inducing towards their children. Researchers argued that such "schizophrenogenic" behavior was the direct cause of the disorder. Successful treatment, then, required the patient and mother to examine their relationship and seek out better, more positive methods of interaction. Family therapists, however, then began to realize that the etiology of the disorder was far more complex than simply the mother inducing the disorder within the child. The schizophrenic and the mother were enmeshed within a complex system of interactions both within, as well as outside, the family. Thus, the schizophrenic was affected by both his mother and father, the schizophrenic himself had an impact on his parents, the father and mother affected each other through their marital relationship, and social and cultural norms had an overall impact on all members of the family. Family systems researchers realized that these various relationships were constantly changing, and that each one had a significant effect on the others. Problems within the family were now understood in terms of circular causality rather than linear. For instance, it might very well be true that the schizophrenic's mother is cold, conflict-inducing, and unresponsive towards him. It is also true, however, that t he schizophrenic manifests very bizarre behavior, such as hearing voices, acting on paranoid impulses, hallucinating, and displaying inappropriate (or flat) emotional responses. These behaviors would certainly affect the mother, as she would be stressed and deeply concerned for her child's well being. The mother might also be affected by a strained marital relationship with her husband, which itself might be negatively impacted by the child's schizophrenic behavior. Finally, the family might be negatively affected by the society in which they live, as their neighbors or colleagues might view them as outcasts and purposely isolate them because of their child's inappropriate behavior. Ultimately, this series of negative interactions may result in a feedback loop, in which maladaptive behavior is amplified and the child's schizophrenic behavior worsens.